文、圖:新北市政府教育局股長 田如君
臺灣災害共分為六大類型災害,包含地震、淹水、坡地、人為、輻射及海嘯,新北市為全國第一大市,共有29個行政區,人口數將近400萬人,為臺灣地區的1/6,80%屬山坡地,海岸線長達120公里,主要潛勢災害為淹水、坡地及地震災害,另因有核能發電廠及火力發電廠位於本市,故空氣品質惡化及核子事故之預防亦為本市災害防治之重要議題,為因應近年來氣候變遷快速,劇烈天然災害頻仍,防災教育觀念需從小紮根做起,期望能結合市府單位、學校與社區資源,建構新北市防災韌性城市。
貳、防災目標明確
中長計畫詳實
新北市政府教育局為因應極端氣候的不可預測性並防患於未然,歷年來積極落實各級學校平時對各項天然災害預防的教育訓練與宣導及對災害的認識,要求各校做好平時預防與災時應變,藉由在各級學校中落實防災教育,讓新北市的居民從小就培養正確的防災意識,提升本市民眾的防災素養,有效降低因災害導致的人員傷亡及財物損失。
為此,「新北市107-110年防災教育中長程計畫」希望以目標管理概念出發:
一、強化輔導團組織運作與機能,整合各局處及外部防災資源。
二、分享入校輔導訪視實務經驗,提升教職員工災防專業知能。
三、研發災害防救課程教材教案,融入正確知識於各領域教學。
四、協同單位辦理複合災害演練,強化師生災害防救應有素養。
循此發展各項年度計畫之重要推動工作,有效提升本市各級學校防災素養與面對災害的應變能力,進而強化學校及社會整體的抗災能力,建立韌性城市。
叁、實施現況—多元防災輔導機制
一、教育部防災校園建置計畫
教育部為強化直轄市及縣(市)政府辦理防災教育相關工作、輔導所屬各級學校健全校園防災教育知能及應變處理能力,特訂定「高級中等以下學校防災校園建置計畫」,計畫申請分為第一類基礎建置、第二類推廣基地及第三類進階推廣,各類應包括執行下列工作項目:
(一)第一類基礎建置案:由防災教育輔導團協助輔導學校運作「防災校園推動小組」,進行校園環境調查及在地化災害潛勢檢核,進而製作防災地圖以及編修「校園災害防救計畫」,整備防災器具,並依據在地化災害潛勢辦理複合行災害防災演練。
(二)第二類推廣基地案:依據學校所處區位、空間及資源,規劃防災教室、防災教育資源中心或避難收容處所等防災空間之完備,以成為區域內防災空間之典範。
鳳鳴國小防災教室
(三)第三類進階推廣案:建立學校與社區防災推動組織,辦理社區防災推廣說明會、掌握弱勢人口等資訊名冊或清單,與社區共同繪製防災地圖並聯合辦理防災避難演練。
建國國小防災社區演練
二、防災教育輔導團入校輔導
新北市政府教育局於101年成立防災教育輔導團,致力推動本市防災教育素養及知能,目前團員32人(含校長、主任、老師、幼兒園老師),防災各領域專家18人,鳳鳴國小為本輔導團中心學校,其任務分工如下:
1.綜合規劃組:辦理教育部師資培育核心課程,修訂防災教育中程計畫,規劃入校輔導相關事宜。
2.教學研究組:研擬防災教育課程案例、產出教學模組,辦理防災業務分區輔導及推動課例共備。
3.演練輔導組:每年入校輔導約30校,分析輔導學校災害潛勢及提供輔導策略,協助規劃學校災害演練及腳本。
4.行銷推廣組:維護及更新防災網站平臺資訊,出版防災教育宣導文宣品,輔導各校校園災害防救計畫書撰寫。
三、結合內外部資源辦理防災活動
新北市政府為強化災害整備、應變及復原各階段功能,驗證市級、區級災害防救體系及地區災害防救計畫,同時結合政府、國軍及民間力量辦理相關災防演習、防災園遊會、防災社區、防災知能提升研習以強化各單位縱橫向聯繫及災害處置應變能力,及提升本市民眾防災意識。
消防局辦理兒童消防夏令營
四、落實辦理複合型災害演練
配合行政院於每年9月國家防災日推動各級學校及幼兒園地震避難掩護演練,辦理在地化複合型災害疏散避難演練,結合本府相關局處、學校家長志工、鄰里社區資源,依據各區域災害潛勢特性辦理防災演練,凝聚學校與社區災害防救意識,健全學校防救災應變機制,有效提升師生災害防救應變能力。
肆、創新作為—沒有最好 只有更好
一、建置「地震即時警報系統」-全國最落實!
為提供更即時的地震預警資訊,落實安裝交通部中央氣象局「強震即時警報系統」以及國震中心「現地型地震預警系統」,並將地震預警系統連接至廣播系統,並配合防災演練進行實際操演。
二、安裝「紅外線電子圍籬」-全國最完善!
為了防止外人入侵,於學校圍牆架設紅外線感應器,若有外人入侵,學校警衛室警示鈴便會響起,監視器螢幕也會放大單一畫面,以利警衛人員監控判斷,校、警連線,守護師生安全。
三、推廣「校園安全月」活動-全國最多元!
為了提升校園安全意識,每年8-9月實施一系列校園安全活動,加強師生觀念倡導與實際作為,並建置各項軟、硬體安全防範措施,在硬體部分如:女兒牆加高、廁所求救鈴、紅外線圍籬、增設學校監視器等;在軟體部分則積極建構本市護生安全網、各校召開校園安全會議、辦理校園安全業務研習、警衛勤務研習等。
四、研發「各類災害潛勢防災教材」-全國最創新!
依在地化災害潛勢特性編定有防災教育相關教材,例如:防震疏散順口溜、颱洪災害資訊融入教學、「核」不「核」理之核能輻射教材等,並出版「防震避難疏散演練QA手冊」,由本市防災教育輔導團將入校輔導時所紀錄學校最常發生的問題及疑慮,彙整出此本參考手冊,內容分為「綜合性問題」、「就地掩蔽」、「避難疏散」及「狀況演練」等4篇章,透過問與答方式,真實呈現防災教育於現場端遇到的實際問題,並給予說明與建議。
五、建立「防災社區認證」機制-全國領頭羊!
為使防救災能量扎根於社區,讓校園防災與防災社區結合,降低災害發生機率或減少人命傷亡及財產損失,新北市首創防災社區認證,維持防災社區之永續發展,提升社區民眾對於自主防災社區之歸屬感與榮譽心,認證內容包含:社區災害環境診斷及對策研擬、防救災資料庫建置;社區防救災組織成立、防救災技能訓練、防救災演練等。
防災社區演練照片
伍、防災只有起點 沒有終點
氣候變遷造成的無預期各類災害,政府除了整備與因應,教育上軟實力的減災及平時訓練作為,更為重要,災防無法滿分,也沒有終點,防災教育不只是學校唯一受重視的議題,而是要能讓眾人願意關心環境,發現災害的潛在問題,進而找出可能的解決或預防方式,並且在災害發生時能達到自助、共助進而公助,有賴於政府單位及各級學校的重視與推動,期許每所學校都能成為防災校園,成為社區的防災基地,進而打造防災自主之韌性城市。
參考文獻
1.新北市107年防災教育計畫。
2.新北市107-110防災教育中長程計畫。
3.107
年度教育部補助「直轄市及縣(市)政府辦理防災教育計畫」暨「高級中等以下學校防災校園建置計畫」作業說明。
4.新北市防災社區認證計畫。
Juchun Tien
Sub-division Chief of New Taipei City Education Department
Translated by
Yichun Chen
Taiwan is vulnerable to many natural hazards.
New Taipei city, the biggest city in Taiwan,
is facing floods, landslides, and earthquakes.
Also, with the nuclear power plants and
thermal power plants, air pollution control and nuclear emergency prevention are
crucial for New Taipei city.
Therefore, we develop Disaster Prevention
Education (DPE), with linkage to the New Taipei City Government and the
communities.
To raise the New Taipei City residents’
awareness and skills of disaster prevention, the education begins at schools.
And the goals of “New Taipei City Disaster
Prevention Education Mid-and-Long-Term Plan 2018-2021” are as follows:
1.
Enhance
the effectiveness of New Taipei City Disaster Prevention Education Counseling
Group, and integrate both the internal and external disaster prevention
resources.
2.
Enter
schools and improve all the faculty and teachers’ disaster prevention literacy
with experiences sharing.
3.
Develop
disaster prevention lesson plans for schools.
4.
Conduct
emergency evacuation drills for strengthening teachers and students’ disaster
prevention literacy.
To improve the
schools’ disaster prevention knowledge and skills, Taiwan’ s Minister of
Education(MOE) announced Disaster Prevention Campus Plan, aiming at three
following projects:
(1) Foundation
Works
The schools
need to form their own Disaster Prevention Team, working on the analysis of
school risk vulnerabilities, disaster prevention map, the campus disaster
prevention and rescue plan, and emergency evacuation drills for various-typed
disasters.
(2) Local
Disaster Prevention Centers
The schools
need to be the local Disaster Prevention Centers as a room for disaster
prevention education or emergency shelters.
(3) Further
Promotion
The promotion
content includes forming school-and-campus disaster prevention organizations,
making a local minority roll, making a community-based disaster prevention map,
and holding campus-and-community emergency evacuation drills.
New
Taipei City Disaster Prevention Education Counseling Group has been formed since
2012, dedicating on promoting the citizens’ disaster prevention knowledge and
skills.
There are 18 experts and 32 group members now, and
Feng-ming Elementary School is the center of it.
The Counseling Group includes four subgroups:
Management Section, Instruction Section, Dill Counseling Section, and Promotion
Section.
With
collaborations between governmental agencies, armed forces, and other
non-governmental organizations, many DPE activities are conducted, such as
emergency evacuation drills, DPE workshops, and DPE fairs.
On
September 21st
National Disaster Prevention Day, schools in Taiwan will conduct an annual
earthquake evacuation and emergency cover drill.
And to promote the disaster prevention
awareness and emergency response of schools and communities, a community-based
emergency evacuation drill is also included.
The innovative
approaches in New Taipei City’s disaster prevention are as follows:
1.
The
Earthquake Early Warning systems are thoroughly installed, linked to the
broadcast network, and utilized in emergency evacuation drills.
2.
To
protect the campus from intruders, the electric fence alarm systems are
installed in schools.
3.
To
promote the awareness of campus safety, many education activities are conducted
in August and September, including workshops for the faculties and security
guards.
4.
Develop
materials for city-based and campus-based disaster prevention education.
5.
To
engage the local communities in disaster prevention network, New Taipei City is
the first one to establish the Disaster Resistant Community Certification
Program. The criteria includes
community environment risk analysis and management, local community emergency
rescue organization, emergency evacuation training and emergency evacuation
drills.
It is necessary to link school and community disaster prevention education. The collaboration between governmental agencies, schools and the local communities is vital to the success of disaster risk reduction. And the schools are encouraged to be the disaster prevention centers for local communities.