¯à·½ºñ¦a¹Ï±Ð¾Ç»P±´¯Á

±Ð¨|³¡¯à·½¬ì§Þ°ª¶¥ºØ¤l±Ð®v/·s¥_¥«¯à·½ºÞ²z®v/·s¥_¥«¸U¨½°ê¤p»²¾É¥D¥ô ³\¼y¶¯


     °O±o¤Q´X¦~«e¦b¤j¾Ç©À®Ñªº®É­Ô¡A¿½»Ê¤Ù¦Ñ®v¥s§Ú­Ìµe¥X±q·s¦Ë®v°|(²{¬°²MµØ¤j¾Ç«n®Õ°Ï)¨ì·s¦Ë¤õ¨®¯¸ªº¦a¹Ï¡C¨º®ÉÁÙ¨S¦³´¼¼z«¬¤â¾÷¡A§ó¤£¥Î»¡Google¦a¹Ï¤F¡A¦]¦¹°£¤F¾Ì¦L¶H¡A¤j·§¥u¯à°Ñ¦Ò¦a¹Ï¶°¡C¦ý¦]¬°¤j®a³£¦³¬ü³N±Mªø­I´º¡A­nµe¥X¤@±i¹Ï¤å¨Ã­Zªº¦a¹Ï¡A¹ï§Ú­Ì¨Ó»¡¨Ã«DÃø¨Æ¡Cµe§¹¤§«á¦Ñ®v¦b¯Z¤W§Q¥Î§ë¼v¾÷Åý¤j®a¤@¤@À˵ø¨Ã°Q½×¡Aµo²{¨C­Ó¤Hµeªº³£¤£¤@¼Ë¡Cµ²ªG¦Ñ®v³Ì«áªºµ²½×¬O:§A­Ì³Ð·N³£100¤À¡A¦ý¹ê¥Î©Ê60¤À¡C¦]¬°³o¨Ç¦a¹ÏÁöµM¹Ï¤åÂ×´I¡A¦ý¬O«o¨S¦³¦Ò¼{¨ìÆ[¬ÝªÌªº¨¤«×¡A¦]¦¹´Nºâ®³µÛ¦a¹Ï¡A¥i¯à«ÜÃø¦p§Ú­Ì©ÒÄ@¤Þ¾ÉÆ[ªÌ¨ì¤õ¨®¯¸¡A¬O¤£¹ê¥Îªº¦a¹Ï¡C·í®É§Ú­Ì·P¨ì«D±`¾_¾Ù:·í§Ú­Ì¦Û¥H¬°µe±o«Ü´Îªº®É­Ô¡A¨ä¹ê¡A§O¤H¥¼¥²¬Ý±oÀ´¡C¦]¦¹¦a¹Ï§@¬°¤@­Ó¤Þ¾Éªº¤u¨ã¡A¯à°÷¡u·¾³q¡v¬O«Ü­«­nªº¡CÁ|¤Z¤è¦ì¡B¤j¦a¼Ð¡B¤ñ¨Ò¤Ø¡K¡K³£¬O«Ü­«­nªº¤º®e¡C¤]¦]¬°³o­Ó½Òµ{¡AÅý§Ú­Ì«ä¦Ò¡u¬ü·P¡v»P¡u¹ê¥Î¡v¨ä¹ê¥i¥H¤]»Ý­n°µ§ó¦nªºµ²¦X¡A¤~¯à¦³¯q©ó¥Í¬¡¡C
    ²¦·~«á¡A¶i¤J±Ð¾ªº¤u§@¡A´¿¸g¶i¦æÀô¹Ò±Ð¨|¬ÛÃöªº½Òµ{¡A±µÄ²¨ì¯î³¥«OÅ@¨ó·|±À®i¡u¥Í¬¡ºñ¦a¹Ï¡v¡A²ºÙ¡uºñ¬¡¹Ï¡v¡C¡uºñ¬¡¹Ï¡v¤£»Ý­n»y¨¥¡A¦]¬°¥¦¨Ï¥Îªº¬O°ê»Ú¦@³qªº¹Ï¥Ü²Å¸¹¡]ICON¡^¡C·í®Éı±o«D±`¦³½ì¡A­ì¨Ó¤@­Ó¤p¤pªº²Å¸¹¡A¥i¥H¥Nªí³o»ò¦h·N¸q¡C¥@¬É¤W²Ä¤@¥÷ºñ¦â¥Í¬¡¦a¹Ïªº½Ï¥Í¬O1992¦~¡A³Ð¿ì¤HWendy Brawer¬°¤FÅý¤H­Ì¯u¥¿»{Ãѯìù¡A©ó¬O¥Î¹Ï¥Ü±N¯Ã¬ù¦a°Ï¡A§â¤@¨Ç¹ï©ó¦a²y¤Íµ½ªº´ºÂI¼Ð¥Ü¥X¨Ó¡A¨S·Q¨ì³o¼Ë²³æ¤S´I¦³·N¸qªº¦a¹Ï¡A¤Þ°_¤j®aªºª`·N¡A©ó¬O³\¦h°ê®a¯É¯É¸ò¶i¡C1998¦~¯î³¥«OÅ@¨ó·|§õ°¶¤å²z¨Æªø¤]±Nºñ¦â¥Í¬¡¦a¹Ïªº·§©À¤Þ¶i¥xÆW¡C¤§«á¡A¤]¤W¹L«Ø¦w°ê¤p°h¥ð¥D¥ô-µJ©g®R¦Ñ®vªººñ¦a¹Ïªº½Òµ{¡A³z¹L¹ê¦a½ñ¬d¡B¤À²Õ°Q½×¡B¹ê»Úø»s©M»{ÃÑICONªº»«ªG³s½u¡AÅý§Ú°O¾ÐµS·s¡A¦Ó§Ú¤]±N³o¼Ëªº·§©À¹B¥Î©ó±Ð¾Ç¤¤¡A³z¹L±Ð¾É«Ä¤lø»sºñ¬¡¹Ï¡C¬Û¸û©ó¤@¯ë¦a¹Ï±j½Õªº¬O¸ô¦W¡B«Ø¿v¡A¨Ã¥B¥H¤@­Ó¤è¦V¡B¤è¦ì¡B¹D¸ô¨Ó·í§@¦a¹Ïªº­«ÂI¡Fºñ¬¡¹Ï§ó±j½Õ¥ÍºA¡BÀô«O¡B¤å¤Æªº¦aÂI¤Î¨ä¤¤²£¥Íªº¨Æª«¬°¥D¡C¤×¨ä¦bø»s¦a¹Ïªº¹Lµ{¤¤¡A¤H­Ì¥²¶·¾Ç²ß»{ÃѤÎÃö¤ß¦Û¤v©P¾DªºÀô¹Ò¡C


   ¦Ó¡yÀô¹Ò¥DÃD¦a¹Ï¡z¬O參¦Ò¡y綠¦â¥Í¬¡¦a¹Ï¡z¦Ó²£¥Íªº·§念 不¹L¯S§O±j½Õ¡G 1. ¹ê»Ú¹Lµ{¤¤ªºÅéÅç©M¾Ç²ß¡A 2. ø»s¦a¹Ï¹Lµ{¤¤ªº¾ã理©MÂk¯Ç 3. ±j½Õ¦a¹Ï¾ã理¥X來ªº精­n©Ê©M·P¬V力¡C兩ªÌ·§念«D±`±µªñ¡A¥u¬O¡y綠¦â¥Í¬¡¦a¹Ï¡z¶ÈµÛ­«¦b綠¦â¥Í¬¡¡BÀô«O¬ÛÃöªº¸ê料¡A¦Ó¡yÀô¹Ò¥DÃD¦a¹Ï¡z±j½Õªº¬O¬Y¤@­Ó¥DÃD¡A¦Ó¥B³o­Ó¥DÃD¥»¨­¨ã¦³¬YºØ¤º²[¡A¤º®e°£¤F´y­z©Êªº¸ê®Æ¥~¡A§ó¥[¤W¸àÄÀ©Ê§å§P©Êªº¸ê®Æ¡C   

 

    ¬°¤FÅý«Ä¤l¯à°÷±N³o¼Ëªº·§©À¹B¥Î©ó¥Í¬¡¤¤¡A§Ú­Ì³]­p¤F¤@­Ó¹ê§@ªº½Òµ{¡AÅý«Ä¤l³z¹L¤À²Õ°Q½×¡A§ä¥X¥»®Õ®Õ¶é¤¤¦³Ãö©ó¯à·½ªº¤Q­Ó´ºÂI¡A¨Ã¸ÕµÛ¤ÀªR³o¤Q­ÓÂI»PÀô¹ÒªºÃö«Y¡A³Ì«á¦A§Q¥Îºñ¬¡¹Ïªº·§©À±N³o±i¦a¹Ï¹Ï¹³¤Æ¡C§Ú­Ì¤j·§§Q¥Î¥H¤U´X­Ó°ÝÃD¤Þ¾É«Ä¤l­Ì«ä¦Ò¦p¦ó»s§@³o±i¯à·½¥DÃD¦a¹Ï:
³ü¡B§Aı±o¾Ç®Õ¸Ì­±¦³­þ­Ó¤º®e«Ü­È±o¤¶²Ðµ¹¥~¨Óªº¨Ó»«?
    ¦]¬°¥»®Õµo®i¯à·½±Ð¨|¤w¸g¦³¤»¦~ªº®É¶¡¡A¦b102¦~§ó¯Ç¤J®Õ¥»½Òµ{¹ê¬I¡A¦]¦¹«Ä¤l«Ü¦ÛµM¦a´N·Q¨ì¯à·½³o­Ó¥DÃD¡C
¶L¡BÃö©ó¯à·½¡A§Aı±o®Õ¶é¸Ì¦³­þ¨ÇÂI«Ü­È±o¤¶²Ðµ¹¨Ó»«©O?

     ¸g¹L¤À²Õ°Q½×¡A«Ä¤l­Ì¤j­P·Q¥X¾Ç®Õ¤Q­Ó¯à·½³]¬I´ºÂI¡A¦Ñ®vªá¤F¤@¸`½Òªº®É¶¡¡A±a«Ä¤l¹ê»Ú½ñ¬d»P¹ê¦a¸Ñ»¡¡A¨Ã¥H¨ä¤¤¤@²Õ¤å¦r¬ö¿ý¤º®e¦p¤U:
¤@¡B¤Ó¶§¯à¥ú¹q¨t²Î: ¾Ç®Õªº«Î³»¦³³\¦hªº¤Ó¶§¯à¥ú¹qªO¡A·í¤Ñ®ð¦nªº®É­Ô¡A¥i¥Hµo³\¦h¹q¡A³±¤Ñªº®É­Ô´N«Ü¤Ö¤F¡A¥L¬Oºñ¦â°®²b¯à·½¡A¥i¥H´À¾Ç®Õµo«Ü¦h¹q¡A¬Ù«Ü¦h¿ú³á¡C¾Ç®Õ¤@¦@¦³¤C¦Ê¦h¤ù¡A ¤Ó¶§¥R¨¬ªº®É­Ô¡A¥i¥Hµo¹q¨ì176KWªº¹q¡C
¤G¡B«B¤ô¦^¦¬¨t²Î: ¾Ç®Õªº«B¤ô¦^¦¬¨t²Î¦b±áÄf¼Óªº«Î³»¡A ¥¦ªº¥\¯à´N¬O§â«B¤ôÀx¦s¨ìÀx¤ô¼Ñ¦A§Q ¥Î¥þ¦Û°Ê¹LÂo¾¹¹LÂo¥ý§â¦¾¤ô±Æ¥X¦A§â¦nªº¤ô¥Î¨Ó¨R´Z©Òªº¤ô/¼åªá©M¾Ç®Õªº¥ÍºA¦À¡C¸U¨½¥V¤Ñ«B¤ô«Ü¦h¡A«D±`¾A¦X°µ«B¤ô¦^¦¬¡C
¤T¡B°Cµæ¦@¥Í¹sºÒ´`Àô¨t²Î:³½µæ¦@¥Í¨t²Î¡A¤j®a³£Å¥¹L¡A¥i¬O¸U¨½°ê¤p¬O<°Cµæ¦@¥Í>¡A®³¾Ç®Õ¦Û¥ß¤ÈÀ\ªº¥Í½è¼p¾l·í¾i¥÷ªÎ®ÆÅý³L°C¦Y¡A¬O«Ü¯S§Oªº§@ªk¡A¤]¥i¥HÀ°¾Ç®Õ¸Ñ¨M¼p¾lªº°ÝÃD¡A¾Ç®Õ¤S¥[¸Ë¤F¤Ó¶§¯àªOµo¹q¡AÅý¨t²Î¯u¥¿¹F¨ì¹s±Æ©ñ¤S´îºÒ¡A³o¯u¬O¤Ó¯«©_¤F¡C
¥|¡B¯à·½±Ð¨|±¡¹Ò¥¬¸m:¾Ç®Õ¤@¦@¦³15­Ó±¡¹Ò¬ÝªO¡A ³£¦b¼Ó±è¶¡©M©úÅ㪺¦a¤è¡A¦³½ìªº¹Ï¤ù©M¤å¦r¡AÅý§Ú­Ì·Q¦h¬Ý´X²´¡A±`±`¸g¹L¡AÀH®ÉÀH¦a´£¿ô§Ú­Ì­n°µ¦n¸`¯à´îºÒ¡C


¤­¡B¶¼¤ô¾÷©w®É¸Ë¸m:¶¼¤ô¾÷©w®É¸Ë¸m¡A¥¦·|¦Û°ÊÂ_¹q¡A¾Ç®Õ³]©w¦­¤W6ÂI·|¦Û°Ê¥´¶}¡A³Ä±ß5 ÂI30¤À·|¦Û°Êµ²§ô¨Ñ¹q¡A°²¤é¥ÑÀô«O¤p§Ó¤u¤â°ÊÃö¹q¡A¬P´Á¤@¦­¤W¦A¥´¶}¡C³o¼Ë¤lªº¸Ë¸m¡A¨C¥x¨C¤Ñ¬ù¥i¬Ù¤U¤@«×¹q¡A°²¤é¤£¶}´N¬Ù§ó¦h¤F¡A¾Ç®Õ¤@¦@¦³30¥x¡A ´N¥i¥H¸`¬Ù«Ü¦h¹q¡A³o¼Ë¹ï¦a²y¦³¦n³B¡A¹ï¾Ç®Õ¤]¥i¥H¬Ù¤U³\¦h¿ú¡A³o­Ó ¬Ù¹q¸Ë¸m®aùØ­±¤]¥i¥H¦Û¤v¸Ë³á¡C
¤»¡B­·¯à¨«´Y:¨Ó¨ì­·¯à¨«´Y¡A§A·|ı±o­·«Ü¤j¡A¦]¬°³o¸Ì¬O¤@¼Ó­·³Ì¤jªº¦a¤è¡A¦Ñ®v¥i¥H¦b³o¸Ì¤W½Ò¡A±q­·±q­þ¸Ì¨Ó¡B­·¤Oªº¹B¥Î¡B­·¤Oµo¹q¾÷ªº³]¸m¨ì¹ïÀô¹Òªº¼vÅT¡C¤@³s¦êªº¹Ï¤å»¡©ú¡AÅý§Ú­Ì«Ü§Ö´N¤F¸Ñ­·¯àªº¬ÛÃöª¾ÃÑ¡A²{³õÁÙ¦³¤@­Ó­·¤Oµo¹q¾÷¹êÅé¡AÅý¤pªB¤Í§ó¤F¸Ñ­·¤O­·¹qªº¹Lµ{©M­ì²z¡C
¤C¡B¯Z¯Å¹qªí(¥Ë®É­p):°ª¦~¯Åªº¯Z¯Å³£¦³¸Ë¹qªí¡A§Ú­Ì¦Ñ®v¦³±Ð¹L¦p¦ó¬Ý¹qªí¡A²q²q¬Ý¤@­Ó¯Z¯Å¤@¤Ñ¤j·§¥Î¦h¤Ö«×¹q ?­nªá¦h¤Ö¹q¶O?³o³z¹L¹qªí³£ºâ±o¥X¨Ó³á! §Úı±o¦pªG¾Ç®Õ¿ì¤@­Ó¯Z¯Å¸`¹q¤ñÁÉ¡A¹q¶O¿n¤Ö¦¨¦h¡A¤@©w¥i¥H´À¾Ç®Õ¬Ù¤U³\¦h¹q¡C
¤K¡B¥þ®Õ¯à·½ºÊ±±¨t²Î:§Ú­Ì¾Ç®Õªº¿ì¤½«Ç¸Ì¦³¡u¯à·½ºÊ±±¡vªº¾÷¾¹¡C ¤@¦@¦³¤Q­Ó·PÀ³¸Ë¸m¡A³o·PÀ³¾¹«ÜÁo©ú¡A¥i¥H°¨¤Wª¾¹D¨º¸Ì²{¦b¥Î¤F¦h¤Ö¹q¡C¦pªG²{¦b¨ºùبS¦³¤H¥Î¹q¡A«oµo²{¤@ª½¥Î«Ü¦h¹q¡A´N¥i¥H¬Ý¬O¤£¬O¦³¬Æ»ò³]¬I¨SÃö©Î¬Oº|¹q¡C³o­Ó¾÷¾¹¬O¸U¨½°ê¤pªº¬Ù¹qªkÄ_¡A­þ¸Ì¥Î¦h¥Î¤Ö³£¤@¥Ø¤FµM¡A¹ï¯g¤UÃĤ~¯à§ä¥X­ì¦]¡A¯u¥¿¹F¨ì¬Ù¯à¦³¬Ù¿ú¡C
¤E¡B­·¥ú¤¬¸Éµo¹q¨t²Î:­·¥ú¤¬¸Éµo¹q´N¬O§Q¥Î­·¤O¨®©M¤Ó¶§¯àªO µ²¦X¦b¤@°_¡C¦n¤Ñ®ð¡A¦­¤W¤j¦h¬O¤Ó¶§¯àªO¦b¤u§@¡A­·¤O¾÷»²§U¡A¦]¬°±ß¤W¨S¦³¤Ó¶§¡A©Ò¥H¨S¿ìªk¨Ï¥Î¤Ó¶§¯àµo¹q¡A´N¥i¥H ¨Ì¿à±ß¤W­·¤O¤ñ¸û¤j§@µo¹q¡C³o¼Ëªº³]­p«D±`´Î¡A ¥i¥H¦¬¨ì§ó¦hªº¯à·½¡A¬O«ÜÁo©úªº§@ªk¡C
¤Q¡B¯à·½±Ð«Ç(µo¹qÅéÅç°Ï): ¾Ç®Õªº¸}½ñ¨®µo¹q¦ì©ó¯à·½±Ð«Ç¡A¥¦ªº¥\¯à´N¬OÅý¨Ó¨ì¯à·½±Ð«Çªº¤H¤F¸Ñ¹qªº¡A¥i ¶Q¦]¬°¥¦¬O¥Î¸}½ñ¨Óµo¹q¡A¥i¥HÅý¤Hª¾¹D 1«×¹qªº¥i¶Q¡C§Aª¾¹D¤@«×¹q­n½ò¦h¤[¶Ü? ¤j¬ù¬O­n½ò10­Ó¤p®É¡A¯uªº¦n¤[³á?ÅéÅç ¹L«á¡A¤U¦¸¥Î¹q®É¡A´N·|§ó¬Ã±¤¹q¤F¡C


 (­·¤OÅéÅç)¾Ç®Õ±q¤@¨ì¤»¦~¯Å³£¦³µo®i­·ªº½Òµ{¡A ©Ò¥H¯à·½±Ð«Ç¦³¤@¥x­·¤OÅéÅç¾÷¡A ­·¤O«D±`ªº±j¡A§j¨ì10¯Å­·§Ú´N§Ö¨ü¤£¤F¡A( ÁÙ¦³§Aª¾¹D­·¯Åªí¬O½Öµo©úªº¶Ü?´X¯Å­·¥i¥H©ñ°²©O? )¦³­·¯àÀ°§U§Ú­Ìµo¹q¬O«Ü´Îªº¨Æ¡A¥i¬O­·¤Ó±j¤F¤]¬O«D±`®£©Æªº¤@¥ó¨Æ¡C
(¾Þ§@°Ï)©Ò¿×:°µ¤¤¾Ç¡C¾Þ§@ÅéÅç¾Ç²ß¡A¾Ç²ß ®ÄªG¬O³Ì¦nªº¡A¾Þ§@°Ï¸Ì¦³°¨±í¨q/ ¿O¨ã¤ñ¸û¾Þ§@©M­·¤Oµo¹q¾÷¨Ï¥Î¡A °Ê¤â°µ¹L«á¡A§A´Nª¾¹D¬Ù¤ô°¨±í¬°¦ó¬Ù¤ô¡ALED¿Oªw¬°¦ó·|¤ñ¨ä¥L¿Oªw ¬Ù¹q¤F¡C
(¦A¥Í¯à·½©M¼Ð³¹°Ï)¯à·½ªº±Ð«Ç¡A¸Ì­±«h¦³¤@­±¯à·½Àð¡AÀð¤W¥i¥H¤À¦¨¨â¤j³¡¤À¡C ²Ä¤@:¡u¤»¡v¤j¯à·½¡A¨ä¤¤¥]¬A¦a¼ö¯à ¥Í½è¯à ®ü¬v¯à¡K¡K³o¨Ç¤H­Ì¤£¤Ó¼ô ±xªº¡A¸Ì­±³£¦³¤¶²Ð¡A³o¼Ë´N¥i¥HÅý¤H­Ì§ó¥[¤F¸Ñ¡B§ó¥[¿Ëªñ³o¨Ç¯à·½¡F ¥t¥~¤@­Ó´N¬O®a®x¯à·½©M¼Ð³¹¤¶²Ð¡A¸Ì­±¤]¦³¤¶²Ð¨ä¹ê±q¥Í¬¡¤¤ªº¤p²Ó¸`´N¥i¥H¸`¬Ù¯à·½¡A¨Ò¦p:§N®ðªº ·Å«×³Ì¦n¬O½Õ¨ì26«×¨ì28«×¡A ³o¼Ë´N¥i¥H¬Ù¹qÅo¡I¦Ó¥B·f°t¹q­·®°´N¥i¥H¹F¨ì¬Ù¹q¤SµÎ¾A ªº®ÄªG©O!

(®i¥Ü°Ï)³o¸Ì¦³³\¦h¡A¦A¥Í¯à·½®i¥Ü°Ï¡A¦³­·¯à/¤Ó¶§¯à©M¿T¿NÁç¡K¡Kµ¥¡C¿T¿NÁç¦b«D¬w¦a±a¤w¸g¶}©l¨Ï¥Î¤F¡A¦]¬°·í¦a®ð­Ôª¢¼ö¡A¦Ó¥B¤Ó¶§¬O¤@ºØ§K¶Oªº¯à·½¡A©Ò¥H¥L­Ì´N§Q¥Î§K¶Oªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¹F ¨ì¹s±ÆºÒªº®ÄªG¡A³oºØ§@ªk«D±`Áo©ú¡A¤£¥u¦³§U©ó´î½w¦a²y·x¤Æ¡A ¤S¥i¥HµN­¹ª«¶ñ¹¡¨{¤l¡C
(®ÑÄy¾\Ū°Ï)¯à·½ª¾Ãѹï§C¦~¯Åªº¤pªB¤Í ¦³¨ÇÃø¡A³z¹Lø¥»¸Ì­±¹Ï¤å ¨Ã­Z©M¦Ñ®vªº¾\Ū¤¶²Ð¡A¤p ªB¤Í«Ü§Ö´N·|¤F¸Ñ¯à·½¹ï¥Í¬¡ªº­«­n¡C


°Ñ¡B³Ì«á¡A½Ð§Q¥Î¾Ç®Õ²{¦³ªº¥­­±¹Ï¡A±N§A­Ì°Q½×ªº´ºÂI°µ¤@­Ó²Î¾ã¡A¦¨¬°¤@±i¸U¨½°ê¤p±MÄݪº¯à·½¦a¹Ï¡C(¥H¤U§@«~¤w¸gE

    ¤Æ³B²z¡A¤è«K¥Î©ó±Ð¾Ç¬ÝªO/²³ø¤¶²Ð/¹q¦r®Ñ¨Ï¥Î)

     ³z¹L³o­Ó±Ð¾Ç¬¡°Ê¡A«Ä¤l­Ì°£¤F¾Ç²ß´£¥XÆ[ÂI¡A¤]¹ï®Õ¶éªºÀô¹Ò§ó¥[¤F¸Ñ¨Ã´£¥X¦Û¤vªº¤@¨Ç·Qªk©M«Øij¡A·í¥L­Ìµo²{¸U¨½°ê¤p¸Ì­±¦³³o»ò¦h¯à·½ªº¾Ç²ß³õ°ì¡A¤]¤Þ°_¥L­Ì¹ï¾Ç®Õ§ó²`ªº±¡·P©M»{¦P¡A¨Ã¥B·|«ä¦Ò:¾Ç®Õ¸ÌÁÙ¦³­þ¨Ç¦a¤è¥i¥H¾Ç²ß¯à·½?§Ú­Ì¤S¦p¦ó¼W¥[¯à·½¾Ç²ßªº¨¤¸¨©O?¤é±`¥Í¬¡¤¤¡AÁÙ¦³­þ¨ÇªF¦è¥i¥H¸`¯à´îºÒ?
¡@¡@¦]¬°¦³³o¦¸ªº±Ð¾Ç¡A«áÄò©µ¦ù¦¨¬°¸U¨½°ê¤pªº§CºÒ¹C¾Ç¸ô½u¤§¤@¡A¬Æ¦Ü¸g¹L§ó²`¤Jªº±´°Q»P¸ê®Æ»`¶°¡A«Ä¤l°Ñ¥[·s¥_¥«105¦~«×®Õ¶é¯à·½¤p¹F¤H²³øÄvÁÉ¡A«i¹Ü¯SÀu®íºa ¡A¨ä¤¤¤@¦ì°ÑÁɪº«Ä¤l«á¨ÓÁÙ¸g¹L²¼¿ï¡A¦¨¬°¸U¨½°ê¤p²Ä¤­©¡ªºÀô«O¤p§½ªø¡C¥i¨£¦b³o¼Ëªº«äÅG¡B°Q½×»P¹ê§@¤¤¡A«Ä¤l¾Ç²ß¨ì±aµÛ¨«ªº¯à¤O¡A¤]´£¤É¤F¥L­ÌªºÀô¹Ò¯À¾i¡C
¡@ ¤Q¤G¦~°ê±Ð±j½Õ¥H ¡u¯À¾i¡v¬°®Ö¤ß¡A¨Ó«ä¦Ò°ê¥Á±Ð¨|½Òµ{ªºµo®i¡A¥H¨D­ÝÅU¾Ç²ßªÌªº¦Û§Ú¹ê²{¤ÎªÀ·|ªºÀu½èµo®i¡CÀô¹Ò¥DÃDºñ¦a¹Ï±Ð¾Ç´N¬O¤@ºØ«Ü¦nªº±Ð¾Ç¤è¦¡¡A²[»\¡u¨­¤ß¯À½è»P¦Û§Úºë¶i¡v¡B¡u¨t²Î«ä¦Ò»P¸Ñ¨M°ÝÃD¡v¡B¡u³W¹º°õ¦æ»P³Ð·sÀ³ÅÜ¡v¡B¡u²Å¸¹¹B¥Î»P·¾³qªí¹F¡v¡B¡u¬ì§Þ¸ê°T»P´CÅé¯À¾i¡v¡B¡uÃÀ³N²[¾i»P¬ü·P¯À¾i¡v¡B¡u¹D¼w¹ê½î»P¤½¥Á·NÃÑ¡v¡B¡u¤H»ÚÃö«Y»P¹Î¶¤¦X§@¡v©M¡u¦h¤¸¤å¤Æ»P°ê»Ú²z¸Ñ¡vµ¥¦h­Ó­±¦V¡CÅý«Ä¤l»P¥Í¬¡°µµ²¦X»P¾Ç²ß¡A ³z¹L¹ê½î力行¦Ó¹üÅã¥þ¤Hªºµo®i±Ð¨|¡C

°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ¡G
¡Õ綠¦â¥Í¬¡¦a¹Ï»PÀô¹Ò¥DÃD¦a¹Ï¡Ö¢Þ¢Þ¢â¡C±Ð¨|³¡¡C
¡Õ¤@°_¨Óø»sÀô¹Ò¦a¹Ï¡Ö¡C²¸g­×¡C
¡Õºñ¦â¥Í¬¡¦a¹Ï¦b±Ð¾Ç¤WªºÀ³¥Î¡Ö¡C¹ü¤Æ¿¤¨q¤ô¶mÔE¦è°ê¤p¡C


Instruction and Exploration of Energy Green Maps

±i³Í´_ ­^Ķ

C.H.Hsu

     I still remembered that years ago Prof. Hsiao asked us to draw a map from our college to Hsin-chu Station. At that time, smart phones had not come to existence, let alone Google Map. Consequently, we could only draw the map based on our blur memory. Luckily, we all have certain art expertise; therefore it was not a tough task to accomplish. We examined and discussed the maps we had drawn and found that every map could never be exactly the same.Prof. Hsiao came to the conclusion that, these maps were creative but not practical for lacking consideration from the users¡¦ viewpoints. Users could never be guided to the station with our hand-made maps. We were so shocked to hear that. Other people may not get the clear picture of the Great Masterpieces that we were so proud of. A map, as a guiding tool should communicate the importance of required information such as directions, landscapes and scales with its users. Owing to this course, we were more awared that aesthetics and practicability should be more coherent to benefit our life. 

After graduation and becoming a teacher, I have taken environmental education related courses and known the so-called Green Map promoted by the Society of Wilderness. It takes only international icons rather than languages to communicate. The first Green Map was brought up by Wendy Brawer in 1992. Brawer tried to make people understand New York more deeply. He tagged several sites where were eco-friendly to the earth and has thereafter drawn a lot of attention as well as followers. The idea of Green Map was introduced to Taiwan by the Chairperson of the Society of Wilderness, Mr. Li. I also took several very impressive courses from former Director of Jian-an Elementary School, Ms. Jiao. I adopted these ideas and integrated them into teaching. Comparing to traditional maps, Green Maps focused on the things related to local ecology, environment protection and culture. When drawing maps, one has to learn to recognize and care about the surroundings.

    Environmental Theme Maps were originated from the concepts of Green Maps which emphasize the learning and experiencing of the whole process, the filtration and induction during map making, and the accuracy as well as persuasiveness of the maps. Both share very similar viewpoints. Green Maps put emphasis on green life and environment protection data resources. On the other hand, the Environmental Theme Maps focus on certain specific themes which contain some descriptive data, explanation and critiques.

    To practice these concepts in daily life, we designed a course for students. Through group discussion, students tried to identify 10 sites related to energy on campus and analyzed their connections with the environment. Finally, utilizing the concepts of Green Maps, the students visualized this map. Here are some questions we used to guide students to create this Energy Theme Map.

Which part on campus can be introduced to visitors?

Because we have been developing energy education for more than 6 years, and made it our school-based curriculum, what came to students¡¦ minds naturally is the topic of energy.
Which energy-related site on campus can be introduced to visitors?

    Here are the transcriptions from discussion of 10 school energy-related sites after a one-period field investigation.

Solar Power System

There are many solar power panels on the roof of school. They can generate much electricity. Solar power is one of Green energy. It helps our school save a lot of money. The maximum electricity generated is 176KWs on sunny days.

Rain Water Collecting System

The rain water collecting system is located on the roof of Building Chen-xi which collects the water to the reservoir. After filtration, the water is used to clean the toilets, water the plants and refill the ecological pond. It rains a lot in winters in Wanli which is very suitable for rain water recycling.
Vegetable Growing System

We use lunch leftover to feed the earth worms. It helps us solve the leftover problem. The electricity used is from the solar panels which also makes the system reduce carbon emission.
Energy Education Classroom Setting

There are totally 15 illustration boards located at the stairways and corridors in the school whose interesting pictures and information have drawn our attention to energy saving and carbon emission reducing.

Timing Drinking Fountains

The drinking fountains are automatic power-off. The running time is from 6 am to 5:30 pm, manually switched off on holidays. Each fountain can save one kilowatt per day, while more on holidays. Totally, there are 30 fountains which can save a lot of energy in this way. People can install this timing device by themselves at home. 

Wind Power Corridors

The wind power corridors are the places where the wind is the strongest in the school. Teacher can explain where the winds come from, the use of wind power, the influences of building wind turbine generators on the environment to students. With this series of illustrations, we can learn related knowledge. There is a small wind turbine generator for students to operate and know the theory within it.

Kilowatt-Hour Meter in the Classroom

The Kilowatt-hour meters are installed respectively in each senior classroom. We have learned how to read the meter and assume how many kilowatt-hours a day a class will use and calculate how much that will be. If an energy saving competition is held, we will surly save a great deal.
Energy Surveillance System

There are ten detectors monitoring the electricity consuming in the school. We can use them to examine whether there are some devices not switched off or electricity leakages. These detectors work wonders. Only if the problems are located can we save energy and money.

Wind-solar Power System

This system uses wind power generator at nights and solar panels during days. With this designing, much energy is collected efficiently.
Energy Education Classroom

The bike generators are set in the Energy Education Classroom to make students know how precious a kilowatt-hour is. It takes 10 hours or so to generate a kilowatt-hour electricity. After experiencing, you will cherish electricity next time.

Wind Power Experiencing

The school has energy curriculum related to wind from grade 1 to six. There is a wind power experiencing machine in Energy Education Classroom whose gale-force winds can make you barely stand. It is good to have winds help us generate electricity, but horrible when they are too severe.
Operation Area

Learning by doing can be the best effective way of learning. Once students learn to use them, they will know the reason why the toilets can save water, LED lights save electricity. In the Energy Education Classroom, there is a wall of energy divided into two categories. First, the six major energy which can be found here includes geothermal energy, biomass energy, marine energy and so on. The introduction can make people more aware of the energy. On the other half is the introduction of home energy and energy labels. One billboard states that the best indoor temperature is 28 to 29 degree Celsius which can save a lot of energy with fans. By doing so, it can be cozy and energy saving.

Exhibition Area

We can see solar-powered braised pots exhibited here. These kinds of pots are getting popular in Africa because of the hot weather there. Meanwhile, solar-power is free and zero carbon emission. This is a clever way to slow global warming and cook foods to feed people at the same time.

Reading Area

Energy Knowledge is hard for lower graders. Through picture books and teachers¡¦ introduction, students can understand the importance of energy to life quickly.

     With this teaching activity, students can learn to state their viewpoints and bring forth their own thoughts and suggestions. When discovering so many learning areas related to energy on campus, their affections and sympathy for school are to arouse. Furthermore, students will consider where we can use on the campus to learn knowledge of energy, where we can increase to set up another learning area, what to use to save energy and reduce carbon emission.

A study tour of low carbon was thus form because of this program. With deeper and further investigation and data collection, the students were awarded for their outstanding performance in 2016 Little Energy Masters Briefing Contest. One of the participants was elected The Chief of The Environmental Protection Agency in Wan-li Elementary School. From this, we can see that through critical thinking, discussion and practicing, the students have learned the abilities that can be carried with them. Meanwhile, their environmental awareness was enhanced.
¡@ The essential literacies are the cores of 12-Year Basic education Curricula to lay out the development of national education and to achieve the learners¡¦ self-actualization as well as the sound development of the society. Environmental Theme Maps is a good teaching method covering the essential literacies which integrates life and learning through practicing.