海洋漂流物收集與調查
The Collection and Investigation of Marine Drifts
陳德勤(臺灣野柳海洋世界)
藉由撿拾海洋漂流物及分析這些物品漂來可能受到地震、氣候、海流，也有可能從船隻上丟棄或釣魚客造成，並見宗教團體放生，反而造成動物死亡，及船難造成油汙、毒物、及大量物品漂流，亦有因寒流來襲造成動物死亡率增加，並藉由海洋動物死後剖檢，在胃內發現許多異物，來提醒民眾勿因自己一時疏忽亂丟垃圾，除了製造環境污染，也會造成許多海洋動物死亡，達到海洋環境教育推廣。
By collecting marine drifts, we can analyze the orientation of the debris may be from earth quakes, climate, sea currents, or fishermen’s wastes. Also, the releasing of captured animals from some religious groups actually kills them instead. After examining these dead animals’ bodies, we found a lot of stuffs that should not be in their digesting systems. As a result, we should make people aware that pollution will killthe marine life. Therefore, we should promote the marineenvironmentprotection.
一. 漂流物種類
Varieties of Drifts
2007年，筆者在本館旁邊已廢棄的海王星遊艇碼頭撈取海洋漂流木，但也發現除了木頭外，還有許多異想不到有各式各樣漂流物，作者開始產生好奇，它們從那裏來?為何會漂來此港灣?於是筆者向公司報備想做此研究探討，
The researcher has started to collect marine driftssince 2007. In addition to drifting wood, the researcher also found various kinds of marine drifts. Therefore, the collection aroused the researcher’s curiosity and started to wonder where they came from. The drifts were divided into 9 categories which are fishery goods, fishermen’s equipment, birds, dead land animals, marine life, religious items, commodities, medical items and vegetation.
每日花半小時至此港灣，打撈由外海漂來各種異物，依性質來分:1.漁業用品:漁網、浮球(來自中國、台灣、韓國)網標燈、救生艇上緊急飲用水(美國、 山東青島、浙江嘉興)、救生背、捕捉飛魚卵用草蓆、漁網2.釣客用品:魚鉤、釣線、餌料袋、雨衣、便當盒、飲料瓶罐3鳥類:有紅喉潛鳥Gaviastellata、冠海雀Synthliboramphuswumizusume、白額鹱Calonectrisleucomelas、鴿子、雞4.陸上動物:死亡多時狗，貓及死在黏鼠板上老鼠，在金山海域發現自海上漂流梅花鹿(Cervus Nippon)5.海上動物:綠蠵龜Cheloniamydas、魚類(六班刺河豚Diodonholocanthus、虱目魚Chanoschanos、獅子魚Pteroisradiata)、瓶鼻海豚Tursiopaaduncus 6.宗教用品:紅蠟燭、佛教密宗龍王寶瓶、護身符及在海上撈到彌勒佛及神像7民生用品:打火機(來自中國、台灣、韓國)香煙(來自福建、香港、日本、臺灣)殺蟲劑(來自上海、山東)酒(來自新疆、上海、廈門湖北、臺灣、菲律賓)飲料罐(多的不勝枚數，如:有來自南非酸乳罐、日本東京都製造可口可樂、英國公司生產飲用水上面印有英文及阿拉伯文…..)麵粉袋(泰國)米袋(從泰國進口米在福建廈門包裝、黑龍江省五常市)泡麵袋(有來自印尼、越南、馬來西亞)8.醫藥用品:有治療腸燥症、癌症用的止痛藥、外用止痛藥貼布、保險套、冠心病用藥、治療氣喘噴劑、治療風溼症中藥貼布、眼藥水、壯陽藥及印有俄文*消炎劑 *塑膠盒，使用過的注射筒及抗生素藥瓶9植物:水筆仔Kandeliacandel，及大量植物種子如:恆春鴨腱藤Entadaparvifolia海芒果Cerberamanghas棋盤腳Barringtoniaasiatica欖仁樹Terminalia catappa 及海藻如:裂片石蓴Ulva lactuca銅藻Sargassumhorneri翼枝菜Pterocladiellacapillacea異色角叉菜Chondrusverrucosa。
二. 什麼原因讓這些物品漂到到此港灣內?
How do these things drift to this water?
筆者試著由漂流物上蛛絲馬跡，去找出一些它為何漂入此港灣答案，歸納原因如下:
1. 與氣候、海流、地震有很大關係:
From climate, currents, or earthquakes
當颱風來襲，會帶來大量漂流物，台灣中部山區樹木、竹子在颱風過後7-10日，會在本區域海面上出現；2009年8月6~10日莫拉克風災，引起台灣中南部及東南部嚴重水災，造成台灣多出淹水、山崩及土石流，有超過一百一十萬噸漂流木，造成各地區河川淤積，清理困難，相對國土流失是非常嚴重，
漂流木更漂洋至日本及中國東南沿岸，筆者在野柳地區也撿拾到打入地底塑膠製的土地界標；再者冬季強勁東北季風，亦會帶來大量漂流物；有時風不大，但是有長浪出現時，亦會帶來大量漂流物。日本於2011年3月11日發生東日本東北地區海岸發生地震、及其伴隨而來的海嘯與餘震所引發的大規模災害，造成大量傷亡，並有大量殘骸漂流在海上，美國國家海洋及大氣管理局(NOAA)於2013 年指出殘骸在海上遍佈的範圍大約等於三個美國，而漂到岸上的殘骸會愈來愈多，而且持續好幾年。
When typhoons strike, they will bring lots of drifting wood downstream. Seven to 10 days after typhoons, the wood will appear on the sea in this area. For example, Typhoon Morakot did cause a great deal of property loss in August 2009. The heavy rain came with its striking brought floods, landslides, mudflows, etc. Rivers were silted up because of over one million tons of wood was washed down. It was extremely hard to clean it up and caused the land loss of nation. The wood was traced drifting to Japan or to south-eastern coast of China. Moreover, the strong north-east monsoon brings lots of drifts also. From time to time, although less wind, lots of drifts were carried by waves. For instance, the earthquake on March 31st in Japan did cause a lot of casualties. There was also much debris on the sea surface. NOAA indicated that the area where the debris scattered is 3 times as big as America. The drifts will become more and last for decades.
2. 有些漂流物可能是由船隻造成:
From fishing boats
如乾淨米袋、麵粉袋、酒瓶、飲料、香煙、藥物，有可能是船上船員用完後，順手丟入海中；再者漁船上用具如:漁網、浮球、網標燈，佔總漂流物量很大比例，廢棄漁網在海中漂浮，會纏繞許多海洋動物造成死亡,大者如鯨魚、海豚亦逃不過其威脅。
Drifts such as rice or flour packages, bottles, cigarette ends and medicine may be from the fishermen. They threw them away after using. Moreover, the fishery equipment on boats such as discarded fishing net can tangle and endanger marine life.
3. 釣客因素:
From fishermen
當釣客來到本海域釣魚，但卻沒有把自己帶來不用物品丟入垃圾桶，而是任意丟在海邊，導致海邊到處是裝魚餌塑膠帶、便當盒、啤酒瓶、輕便雨衣及魚鉤、魚線散佈在海面及水底，我們曾在海邊發現新鮮白額鹱屍體，其脖子、右翅及嘴部被魚線纏繞，並發現該鳥應為誤吞魚鉤入胃，導致緊張使魚線纏繞身體而亡，筆者將此鳥送至醫療單位做X光照射，見到胃部有一個魚鉤，證實我們推測。 另外，在海邊最易見到六班刺河豚漂流海面，是因為釣客釣到此魚都很痛恨，因它會破害漁網及損失魚鉤，致刺河豚都被釣客丟到岸上，讓其慢慢死亡，隨著漲潮又沖入海中，故刺河豚是魚類漂流物中排行第一名。
Fishermen did not throw their waste in the trash cans but litter on the banks. Consequently, we can see bait bags, lunchboxes, beer bottles, raincoats and fish hooks everywhere. The researcher found a dead bird whose neck, wing, and beak were tangled with fish lines. We assumed that the bird could swallow the hook and was so nervous that died in the tangle. We x-rayed the bird and prove our assumption.
Diodonholocanthus are common to see by sea shore. However, fishermen dislike them the most because they break the fishing net. Once caught, they are thrown on the ground and left to die. Their bodies are then washed away by high tides. So, they are ranked first among the fish drifts.
4. 當寒流來襲時，動物死亡率提高:
From cold stream
我們觀察到當寒流來襲時，漂流動物就有增加趨勢，如:冠海雀，虱目魚，獅子魚都是在寒流來襲時，浮於水面這些屍體都很新鮮；2012年3月，銅藻在春天大量繁衍，順著風浪及東北季風來到基隆新北市海濱，造成大量銅藻危害，此時並有大量死魚發生，推測應與北方冰雪融化，導致海水突然變冷所造成。
Drifting animal bodies will increase in inverse proportion to temperature. Also, the low temperature will accelerate the growth rate of sea weeds which followed by lots of dead fish.
5. 宗教團體放生:
From religious groups releasing
筆者曾經親眼目睹過兩次宗教團體為護生而做的放生活動，將大量各種魚類、章魚、花枝放入海邊，當宗教人士在虔誠祈福時，有許多釣客、漁民高興用漁網及各種釣具，將這些放生動物落入他們手中，此情此景成了強烈對比，隔日至海邊見到許多放生動物因不適應環境，都已陳屍海面，讓人感到此種放生猶如放死。
The researcher had witnessed the releasing of captured animals by some religious groups twice.While people were worshiping and releasing animals, many fishermen nearby caught these animals.The next day, many animals were dead because they could not adapt themselves to new environment.Releasing the captured animals kills them actually.
6. 發生船難造成大量漂流物產生:
From wrecks
船難易是造成大量物品及石油漂流至海面及沙灘，造成環境汙染，2011年10月3日巴拿馬籍砂石輪瑞興號在基隆大武崙海域發身船難船身斷成兩半，多人死亡，並有大量油汙外洩，造成環境汙染，2012年3月15日，新加坡貨輪BARLEI號，在福建省福州江陰外海觸礁，導致許多裝有農藥貨櫃破裂掉入海裡，並隨著海流這些農藥漂流到烏坵、新竹、台中、新北市海邊，筆者在萬里及野柳海邊也撿到至少50包以上用來處理可可樹除霉藥劑，並送交環保單位做進一步處理，這些農藥毒性很大，對台灣海洋環境造成很大傷害。
Leaking petroleum and broken items from wrecks surely pollute the environment. Dangerous shipments like pesticide can cause a great disaster to our ocean.
三．在此海洋漂流物調查期間,給我許多體會:
Researcher’s feedbacks
1.要做此方面研究，首先需對海洋氣象有所了解，漂流物受到潮汐、風向、海流、颱風、黑潮、浪高影響，藉由觀看各種氣象圖表，大致可知這幾天是否有新的漂流物進入港灣。
Firstly, the researcher needs to have some basic ideas about fishery weather. Drifts can be influenced by tides, wind direction, currents, typhoon, the Kuroshio, the height of tide. By viewing weather maps, the researcher can roughly know whether there will be new drifts in the harbor or not.
2.探討漂流物來源，它與環境問題、民俗學、考古學、自然科學、創造文學、藝術都有很大關聯，並非單純收集各種物品，因牽涉學門過多，已超過自己所學，需聯合各領域專業人士或機構，共同來解決所碰到難題，如:海鳥、海藻、魚類、植物種子鑑定，各種語文翻譯，動物死因鑑別及宗教、航海、漁業等…… 專業問題，這絕非一己之力可完成，藉著分工合作，找出許多答案；撿拾海洋漂流物過程好似在集郵，而要找出漂流物為何會來到此地，就猶如柯南偵探，試著去抽絲剝繭，尋根究底，有時會有意想不到答案，這才是令人著迷之處。
The origins of drifts can be associated with environmental problems, folklore, archeology, natural science, literature and art. Furthermore, the analysis of the drifts involves these related fields. To unveil the gauze of the drifts takes many experts’ great effort. It is fascinated to be like Sherlock Holmes to conduct the deductive science.
3.本館對遊客做海洋環境科普演講時，播出許多海洋動物死亡剖檢照片，胃內發現有許多塑膠袋、垃圾、漁網，並將所收集的漂流物陳列、解說，使觀眾深切了解:不要亂丟垃圾，除了做環境保護，也可以救海洋動物一條命。
We showed many examples that died because of swallowing artificial wastes.Our colleagues always give public speech to convey the idea that not littering as one may wish.By doing so, many marine life can be saved.
4.在解說中，我們更強調漂流物稍加利用，就可做成有用物品，如:漂流木可做成藝術品，浮球可做成非洲鼓、撲滿、花盆，我們也將海藻清洗乾淨，供給本館魚群及海龜食用。
During the guiding, we emphasize that people can make the best of drifts like making drifts into art works or African drums. We can also clean the sea weeds to feed the turtles.
三. 結論:
Conclusion
海洋漂流物問題，是個嚴重問題，丟棄到海洋的垃圾，正在危及人類健康、戕害野生生物、破壞航海設備並使海岸地區的環境變得面目全非。
更請宗教團體在護生野放時，也要考量動物本身大多不能適應大海環境，反而是造成動物陳屍海面慘狀，本館參與許多鯨魚、海豚、海龜擱淺救援工作，在死亡動物胃內常發現到許多異物(如流刺網，塑膠袋、鐵絲…..)，使得我們在救援此等海洋動物之餘，更促使我館加強海洋環境科學普及教育，讓大眾了解海洋漂流形成，及其造成危害，進而讓大家了解海洋環境是靠大家來維護，並期許海洋動物在其大海中快樂生存。
Marie drifts are serious problem. Trash thrown in the seais threatening our life, endangering wild animals, breaking the fishery equipment.We also plead the religious groups for not to release the captured animals which are not suitable for the environment. We will enhance as well as broaden science education to make everyone aware of the protection of ocean and marine creatures live happily within.
